Old English · adjective
earfoþe
- Part of speech
- adjective
- IPA
- /ˈæ͜ɑr.fo.θe/[ˈæ͜ɑrˠ.vo.θe]
- Syllables
- ˈæ͜ɑr · fo · θe (3 syllables)
- Modern English
- painsdifficultlabourchildbirthhardwork
earfoþe1 · adjective
Senses
-
hard, difficult
Iohannes þa gegaderode ðæra gymstana bricas, and beseah to heofonum, þus cweðende, "Drihten Hælend, nis ðe nan ðing earfoðe; þu ge-edstaðelodest ðisne tobrocenan middangeard on þinum geleaffullum, þurh tácen þære halgan rode; ge-edstaðela nu þas deorwurðan gymstanas, ðurh ðinra engla handa, þæt ðas nytenan menn þine mihta oncnāwon, and on þe
John then gathered the fragments of the jewels, and looked to heaven, thus saying, "Lord Jesus, to thee nothing is difficult; thou didst restore this crushed world for thy faithful, through sign of the holy rood; restore now these precious gems, by thy angels' hands, that these ignorant men may acknowledge thy powers, and in thee believe."
c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Declension
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| Nominative | earfoþe | earfoþuearfoþo | earfoþe |
| Accusative | earfoþne | earfoþe | earfoþe |
| Genitive | earfoþes | earfoþre | earfoþes |
| Dative | earfoþum | earfoþre | earfoþum |
| Instrumental | earfoþe | earfoþre | earfoþe |
| Plural | |||
| Nominative | earfoþe | earfoþaearfoþe | earfoþuearfoþo |
| Accusative | earfoþe | earfoþaearfoþe | earfoþuearfoþo |
| Genitive | earfoþra | earfoþra | earfoþra |
| Dative | earfoþum | earfoþum | earfoþum |
| Instrumental | earfoþum | earfoþum | earfoþum |
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| Nominative | earfoþa | earfoþe | earfoþe |
| Accusative | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþe |
| Genitive | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþan |
| Dative | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþan |
| Instrumental | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþan |
| Plural | |||
| Nominative | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþan |
| Accusative | earfoþan | earfoþan | earfoþan |
| Genitive | earfoþraearfoþena | earfoþraearfoþena | earfoþraearfoþena |
| Dative | earfoþum | earfoþum | earfoþum |
| Instrumental | earfoþum | earfoþum | earfoþum |
earfoþe2 · noun · neuter
Senses
-
work; labour
-
suffering; hardship
wrāþra wælsleahta, · winemǣga hryre:
So said an earth-stepper, mindful of hardships, of wrathful slaughters, of kinsmen fall:
Swā cwæð eardstapa, · earfeþa ġemyndiġ, -
labour; pains; trouble; childbirth
-
disease
Declension · strong ja-stem
All forms (11)
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *arbaiþi, from Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“hardship”), from a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”). Compare Old English ierfa. See also Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos, whence Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós), Latin orbus, Old Church Slavonic рабъ (rabŭ, “slave”). Cognate with Old Frisian arbēd, Old Saxon arƀed, arvēd, Old Dutch arbeit (Dutch arbeid), Old High German arbeit (German Arbeit (“work, labour”)), Old Norse erfiði (Swedish arvode (“salary”)), Gothic (arbaiþs).
Source: Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0 · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/earfoþe · CC BY-SA 4.0 licence · Attribution