eldertongue

Old English · verb

sculan

Normalised sċulan

Part of speech
verb
IPA
/ˈʃu.lɑn/
Syllables
ˈʃu · lɑn (2 syllables)
Modern English
shouldshallsupposedsupposedlybe supposed toowemust

Meaning

  1. should

    Wē strange sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.

    Strong people like us should bear the burden of the weak.

    c. 992, Ælfric, "Likewise of Saint Peter"
  2. must

    Beowulf, line 455

    Fate goes always as it must.

  3. to have to

    early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)

    Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.

  4. to be supposed to do something (used like "supposedly" or "they say...")

    Þēah þe hē cristen bēon sċolde, nolde hē nāne āre witan þǣre cristenan ǣfæstnesse.

    Though he was supposedly a Christian, he refused to show any respect for the Christian religion.

    late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
  5. to owe

    c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:5

    When the debtors had all been gathered together, he asked the first one, "How much do you owe my master?"

  6. will (indicating the future)

Conjugation

Conjugation of sculan
PresentPast
Indicative
1st singular sċealsċeolde
2nd singular sċealtsċeoldest
3rd singular sċealsċeolde
Plural sċulonsċeoldon
Subjunctive
Singular sċylesċeolde
Plural sċylensċeolden
Non-finite forms of sculan
Form
Infinitive sċulan

All forms (10)

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”). Compare this sense of Swedish skola for sense 4. Cognate with Old Frisian skela, Old Saxon skulan, Old High German sculan, Old Norse skulu, Gothic (skulan).

Descendants

shall, should

Source: Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0 · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sculan · CC BY-SA 4.0 licence · Attribution