Old English · verb
sculan
Normalised sċulan
- Part of speech
- verb
- IPA
- /ˈʃu.lɑn/
- Syllables
- ˈʃu · lɑn (2 syllables)
- Modern English
- shouldshallsupposedsupposedlybe supposed toowemust
Meaning
-
should
Wē strange sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.
Strong people like us should bear the burden of the weak.
c. 992, Ælfric, "Likewise of Saint Peter" -
must
Beowulf, line 455
Fate goes always as it must.
-
to have to
early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)
Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.
-
to be supposed to do something (used like "supposedly" or "they say...")
Þēah þe hē cristen bēon sċolde, nolde hē nāne āre witan þǣre cristenan ǣfæstnesse.
Though he was supposedly a Christian, he refused to show any respect for the Christian religion.
late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History -
to owe
c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:5
When the debtors had all been gathered together, he asked the first one, "How much do you owe my master?"
-
will (indicating the future)
Conjugation
All forms (10)
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”). Compare this sense of Swedish skola for sense 4. Cognate with Old Frisian skela, Old Saxon skulan, Old High German sculan, Old Norse skulu, Gothic (skulan).
Descendants
shall, should
Source: Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0 · en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sculan · CC BY-SA 4.0 licence · Attribution